Health and Medicine

FSI’s researchers assess health and medicine through the lenses of economics, nutrition and politics. They’re studying and influencing public health policies of local and national governments and the roles that corporations and nongovernmental organizations play in providing health care around the world. Scholars look at how governance affects citizens’ health, how children’s health care access affects the aging process and how to improve children’s health in Guatemala and rural China. They want to know what it will take for people to cook more safely and breathe more easily in developing countries.

FSI professors investigate how lifestyles affect health. What good does gardening do for older Americans? What are the benefits of eating organic food or growing genetically modified rice in China? They study cost-effectiveness by examining programs like those aimed at preventing the spread of tuberculosis in Russian prisons. Policies that impact obesity and undernutrition are examined; as are the public health implications of limiting salt in processed foods and the role of smoking among men who work in Chinese factories. FSI health research looks at sweeping domestic policies like the Affordable Care Act and the role of foreign aid in affecting the price of HIV drugs in Africa.

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Joshua Salomon, PhD, is a Professor of Health Policy and a Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. His research focuses on public health policy and priority-setting, including modeling patterns and trends in major causes of global mortality and disease burden; evaluation of health interventions and policies; and measurement and valuation of health outcomes. He is director of the Prevention Policy Modeling Lab, a multi-institution research consortium that conducts health and economic modeling relating to infectious disease. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Dr. Salomon has worked extensively with policymakers on data synthesis, modeling and decision analysis to inform the public health response.

Encina Commons Room 114, 615 Crothers Way, Stanford, CA 94305-6006
(650) 736-9477
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Professor, Health Policy
Senior Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
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PhD

Joshua Salomon is a Professor of Health Policy in the Department of Health Policy at Stanford School of Medicine, Senior Fellow in the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, and founding Director of the Prevention Policy Modeling Lab. Trained in health policy and decision science, Dr. Salomon leads multidisciplinary research teams dedicated to producing rigorous, actionable evidence to improve the public’s health and reduce health disparities. His work — supported by the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation — combines data synthesis and mathematical modeling to measure and forecast health outcomes and evaluate public health programs and strategies, with particular emphasis on infectious diseases. He has spearheaded methodological innovation in measurement and valuation of health, infectious disease modeling and forecasting, and cost-effectiveness analysis. His applied modeling work on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, COVID-19 and other major health challenges informs local, state, national and international policies to improve health and wellbeing, particularly among under-served populations in the United States and around the world.  

Dr. Salomon established the multi-institution Prevention Policy Modeling Lab in 2014 to conduct health and economic modeling that guides reasoned public health decision-making relating to infectious disease. He has co-authored more than three hundred original peer-reviewed research articles and mentored dozens of graduate and post-graduate trainees in health policy, medicine and public health. Prior to joining the Stanford Faculty, Dr. Salomon served as a policy analyst in the Department of Evidence and Information for Policy at the World Health Organization in Geneva, and as Professor of Global Health at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. As Associate Chair for Academic Affairs and Strategy in the Department of Health Policy at Stanford, he works on faculty recruitment and development, and leads strategic initiatives to promote interdisciplinary collaborative research, practice partnerships and policy translation.

Collaboration

In this recent Stanford Report article, Salomon talks about how he helped gather faculty, trainees, and other researchers from Stanford and elsewhere to lend expertise in infectious disease modeling and data analytics in hopes of informing the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic locally and nationwide. This quickly-assembled unit used county data to build models that were updated in real-time and shared with county epidemiologists to track the impact of the epidemic, underlying transmission trends, and potential effectiveness of public health measures.

The unit also advised county epidemiologists on developing their own models for planning and envisioning different scenarios. “In the early weeks especially, we were learning more about the virus every day,” Salomon explained, “but we hadn’t yet seen the first peak of what would eventually turn into multiple waves, so there was a lot of uncertainty about when that peak might arrive, how high it could be, and what would happen next.”

Read Stanford Report Article

Seminars
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David Chan, MD, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Medicine and an investigator at the Department of Veterans Affairs, and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Drawing on labor and organizational economics, he is interested in studying how information is used in health care, how this affects productivity, and implications for design. He is the recipient of the 2014 NIH Director’s High-Risk, High-Reward Early Independence Award to study the optimal balance of information in health information technology for patient care.

David Chan
Seminars
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About the Seminar: In this time of great challenges, our democracies urgently need to produce citizens who can move from demanding change to making it. But the skills for doing so are not innate, they are learned. In this talk, Beth Simone Noveck will discuss how both citizens and governments can take advantage of digital technology, data, and the collective wisdom of our communities to design and deliver powerful solutions to contemporary problems. Drawing on the latest methods from data and social sciences, including original survey data from around the world, she proposes a practical set of methods for public servants, community leaders, students, activists, and anyone who wants to be a catalyst for positive social change.

 

Register Now

 

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Beth Simone Noveck Headshot
About the Speaker: Beth Simone Noveck is a professor at Northeastern University, where she directs the Burnes Family Center for Global Impact and its partner project, The Governance Lab (The GovLab) and its MacArthur Research Network on Opening Governance. The author of Solving Public Problems: How to Fix Our Government and Change Our World (Yale Press 2021) (named a Best Book of 2021 by Stanford Social Innovation Review), she is also Core Faculty at the Institute for Experiential AI (IEAI) at Northeastern. New Jersey governor Phil Murphy appointed her as the state’s first Chief Innovation Officer and Chancellor Angela Merkel named her to her Digital Council in 2018. Previously, Beth served in the White House as the first United States Deputy Chief Technology Officer and director of the White House Open Government Initiative under President Obama. UK Prime Minister David Cameron appointed her senior advisor for Open Government.

In addition to Solving Public Problems, Beth is the author of Smart Citizens, Smarter State: The Technologies of Expertise and the Future of Governing (Harvard Univ Press 2015) and Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger and Citizens More Powerful (Brookings 2009) and co-editor of The State of Play: Law, Games and Virtual Worlds (NYU Press, 2005).

Online, via Zoom.

Beth Simone Noveck Director | The GovLab
Seminars
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Few aspects of society are being transformed by technology more than health and medical care, with health systems challenged to finance and deliver affordable access to a burgeoning array of technologies enabling longer, healthier lives. Three speakers will address different and complementary aspects of how several Asian health systems create, evaluate, and regulate transformative technologies. Dr. Masuda’s research probes policies governing domestic and cross-border control and sharing of genetic information for medical innovation. Dr. Ahn will discuss health technology assessment (HTA) for pricing and reimbursement decisions in South Korea, where there is a young yet established HTA program, compared to Japan, where a 3-year HTA pilot program has just concluded, and China, where HTA efforts are underway but have not been formally implemented. Finally, Dr. Ho will discuss the emergence of digital medicine enabling N-of-1 regimen design for patients. Truly individualizing patient treatment requires addressing a series of challenges, from dynamic patient response to treatment regimens, to accounting for drug synergies in combination therapies which can be dose-dependent, time-dependent, and patient-specific, such as in oncology. Dr. Ho will summarize several clinical studies aiming to increase accessibility to personalized, precision medicine while reducing healthcare costs.

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Masuda, Sachiko 020822
Sachiko Masuda is a Visiting Scholar at the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center (Shorenstein APARC) for the 2021-22 academic year and an Associate Professor at the University of Tokyo, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology.  Masuda is dedicated to the study of legal systems, regulations, infrastructure and industrial structures necessary for advances in technology and a safer society, especially in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. At Shorenstein APARC, she is conducting a comparative Japan-U.S. study on "Human Genetic Information for Medical Innovation: Examining Policy Issues Related to Ensuring Domestic and Transnational Sharing and Management" supported by the ABE Fellowship Program of the Social Science Research Council. Masuda received a Ph.D. (specializing in intellectual property law) in 2006 and a B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences in 1997 from the University of Tokyo.

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Ahn, Jeonghoon 020822
Dr. Jeonghoon Ahn is a full professor at the Ewha Womans University (Seoul, Korea) and an adjunct fellow at the National Evidence-based healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA), Seoul, Korea. He is an expert on health technology assessment (HTA) and health economics. He worked 7 years in NECA and served in various decision making and advisory committees of public agencies such as the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Services (HIRA) and the Korean Centers for Disease Control (KCDC). Professor Ahn has graduated the Seoul National University Department of International Economics for undergraduate and master program. He also received a PhD in Economics from the University of Southern California (USC) and was an assistant professor of pharmaceutical economics and Policy at the USC. Dr. Ahn has served on many international professional organizations such as ISPOR, HTAi, INAHTA, and HTAsiaLink. He is the Chair of the ISPOR Asia Consortium (2020-2022) and was a president of ISPOR Korea Chapter (2012-2014). Dr. Ahn was elected as a board director of the Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) (2014-2016) and a board director for the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) for three times (2012-2016). He also contributed to form a regional Health Technology Assessment agency network, the HTAsiaLink (www.htasialink.org), along with other experts in the region.

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Ho, Dean 020822
Professor Dean Ho is currently Provost’s Chair Professor, Director of The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1), Director of The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM) and Head of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the National University of Singapore. Prof. Ho and collaborators successfully developed and validated CURATE.AI, a powerful digital medicine platform that has optimized human treatment for broad indications ranging from oncology to infectious diseases. He co-led the first inhuman clinical trials that have resulted in completely halted disease progression and durable patient responses that substantially outperformed standard of care approaches. Prof. Ho is a Fellow of the US National Academy of Inventors (NAI), the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE), and the Royal Society of Chemistry. He was also recently named to the HIMSS Future50 Class of 2021 for his internationally-recognised leadership in digital health. His discoveries have been featured on CNN, The Economist, National Geographic, Forbes, Washington Post, NPR and other international news outlets. Prof. Ho is also a Subgroup Lead in the World Health Organization (WHO)-ITU AI for Health Working Group for Regulatory Considerations. Prof. Ho is a recipient of the Tech Heroes from Crisis Pathfinder Award from the Singapore Computer Society, NSF CAREER Award, Wallace H. Coulter Foundation Translational Research Award, and V Foundation for Cancer Research Scholar Award, among others. He has also served as the President of the Board of Directors of the Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening (SLAS), a 26,000+ member global drug development organization.

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This event is part of the 2022 Winter webinar series, New Frontiers: Technology, Politics, and Society in the Asia-Pacific, sponsored by the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center.

Via Zoom Webinar
Register: https://bit.ly/3GGqOhv

2021-2022 Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center Visiting Scholar, Stanford University.
Jeonghoon Ahn Professor, Ewha Womans University, and Adjunct Fellow, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea.
Dean Ho Provost’s Chair Professor, Director, N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) and Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Head, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore
Seminars
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Asia Health Policy Program (AHPP) 2021-22 Colloquium series "Aligning Incentives for Better Health and More Resilient Health Systems in Asia”

How can policymakers quantify the net value of medical spending? For what medical conditions has the “bang for the buck” been greatest, and for what conditions has spending outstripped gains in health improvement? Join this virtual workshop to learn about cutting-edge methods that can be applied to health system data to understand the net value of changes in medical spending over time, and how policymakers can track the effectiveness of policies to increase productivity of medical spending. In addition to several Asian policymakers already involved, virtual workshop participants will have the opportunity to pose questions to the expert speakers about applying these methods to their own health system settings, including advice about data, outcomes, and relevance for specific policy questions.

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Cutler, David
David Cutler is the Otto Eckstein Professor of Applied Economics in the Department of Economics, Harvard University, with secondary appointments at the Kennedy School of Government and the School of Public Health. He was associate dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences for Social Sciences from 2003-2008. Professor Cutler served on the Council of Economic Advisers and the National Economic Council during the Clinton Administration and has advised several presidential campaigns, including as Senior Health Care Advisor for the Obama Presidential Campaign. He is a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and a member of the Institute of Medicine, and he has held positions with the National Institutes of Health and the National Academy of Sciences

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Dunn, Abe
Abe Dunn is the Assistant Chief Economist at the Bureau of Economic Analysis.  His work has focused on the production and development of a new satellite account for health care and on evaluating and using alternative data sources for measurement purposes.  The Health Care Satellite Account uses billions of medical care claims from public and private sources to improve measurement for the U.S. health care sector, which allows researchers to analyze spending trends by medical condition.  Dr. Dunn has published research on a range of topics with a particular focus on health economic issues and measurement.  Most recently, his research has focused on measuring both the cost and the quality of medical care treatments. He received his PhD from the University of Texas at Austin with a primary focus in the areas of health economics and industrial organization.

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Weaver, Marcia 120121
Professor Marcia Weaver earned a PhD in economics at the University of Chicago. She specializes in cost-effectiveness analysis and has published 87 peer-reviewed articles. At the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), she leads the research team on cost-effectiveness analyses of interventions to reduce the burden of disease. Prior to joining IHME she served as principal investigator of the Integrated Infectious Disease Capacity Building Evaluation in partnership with the Infectious Diseases Institute in Uganda. In the United States, she published on cost-effectiveness of interventions for people with HIV, chronic mental illness and substance abuse, and on a joint campaign to promote influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Professor Weaver also has extensive experience with evaluating the effects of clinical training programs in Botswana, Indonesia, Namibia, South Africa, Thailand, and the Caribbean region, and served as a long-term advisor on health system reform to ministries of health in Niger and Central African Republic.

Via Zoom Webinar
Register: https://bit.ly/3D8yRBu

David M. Cutler Otto Eckstein Professor of Applied Economics, Harvard University
Abe C. Dunn Assistant Chief Economist, US Bureau of Economic Analysis
Marcia R. Weaver Research Professor, Health Metrics Sciences and Global Health, University of Washington
Seminars
Authors
Sigrid Lupieri
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Thousands of refugees and migrants became pawns at the border between Belarus and Poland in recent weeks. Many had flown to Belarus anticipating a route into the European Union but couldn’t proceed farther because of Poland’s hard-line policies barring them entry. A number of stranded migrants died of cold and a lack of access to food and health care.

Read the rest at Monkey Cage

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Countries like Belarus are counting on E.U. governments to see refugees as a security threat.

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Krysten Crawford
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A new study co-authored by Stanford Health Policy's Maya Rossin-Slater finds that 71% of New York and New Jersey employers surveyed during COVID-19 said they backed paid family leave — up from nearly 62% in 2019, before the coronavirus outbreak.

What’s more, the research released by the National Bureau of Economic Research as a working paper finds the jump in support was driven by employers that were previously opposed to the policy, and not just neutral about it.

“The big roadblock to passing paid family leave legislation is a concern that small businesses are not supportive and that it would be challenging for them,” Rossin-Slater says. “We find that’s not the case.”

Rossin-Slater, an associate professor of health policy and a senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), also finds that views about paid family leave became more favorable among employers with at least one worker who used it during the pandemic. Both New York and New Jersey offer the benefit under state law. The employers were also subject to a temporary paid family leave provision that was included in a 2020 federal stimulus package but has since expired.

The study comes at a critical moment in the years-long, bipartisan effort to pass a federal law providing workers with partially paid leave to take time off to care for family or their own medical issues. The United States is one of six countries without national paid leave — despite polls showing Americans overwhelmingly want it. A plan to offer four weeks of paid leave is part of President Biden’s proposed Build Back Better Act, which the House of Representatives is expected to vote on soon.

Opponents of current and past efforts to pass federal paid leave legislation say that it would be too costly and burdensome, especially for small employers. Rossin-Slater dented that argument in a separate study earlier this year of the impacts of New York’s paid leave policy on select indicators of profitability. She and her co-authors found that small businesses were not adversely affected by the policy on these measures, and actually reported that it was easier to deal with worker’s absences once the policy was in place.

This latest study will be published in a journal of the American Sociological Association, Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World.

Understanding how attitudes change, especially during a pandemic, is insightful for thinking about where this policy is ultimately headed.
Maya Rossin-Slater
Associate Professor of Health Policy

Leave-Taking Led to Higher Support

The findings are not only timely, but they also provide the strongest evidence yet of how COVID has changed employers’ minds about paid family leave, Rossin-Slater says. Since 2016, she and her co-authors — Ann Bartel, Meredith Slopen, and Jane Waldfogel of Columbia University, and Christopher Ruhm of the University of Virginia — have been surveying employers with 10-99 employees in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania to learn about the effects of paid family leave. As part of their annual questionnaire, they have asked firms in New York and New Jersey to share their overall attitudes toward the policy. This is how they were able to reliably gauge in this latest study how small business owners and managers were feeling about paid leave on the eve of the pandemic.

Another advantage of the survey is that it focuses on employers’ experiences with paid family leave during COVID and not, as most other polls have done, only on workers.

Rossin-Slater says that assessing employers’ overall attitudes, in addition to measuring effects on operational issues, provides further evidence as to whether businesses are harmed by paid leave.

“Actual views provide a summary of how businesses think the policy is affecting operations,” she says. “If it was a disaster and really hard for them, they’re probably not going to be very supportive. The opposite is likely if their experience was smooth and not complicated.”

In all, 539 New York and New Jersey businesses that participated in the 2019 survey also responded in 2020, rating their opinions on paid family leave according to a 5-point scale. The researchers analyzed changes in opinions within each firm and controlled for other factors that could have changed over the time period, such as the total number of employees and their characteristics. They found that the share of employers reporting that they were very or somewhat supportive of the policy rose by 9.6 percentage points, from 61.6 percent to 71.2 percent. Meanwhile, the portion of firms that were somewhat or very opposed declined by 8.8 percentage points, to 11.2 percent.

The increase in support was somewhat larger among employers with 50-99 workers, although the rise in favorable opinions was also meaningful among even the smallest employers in the study. The researchers also found that employee use of state paid leave during COVID was associated with more favorable employer views.

“What’s striking,” Rossin-Slater says, “is that during COVID — when it’s become incredibly clear how important it is for workers to be able to take time off work with pay and job protection to care for ill family members or for kids who are out of school — employers became even more supportive of paid family leave.”

Rossin-Slater says that one drawback to the study is its relatively small sample size. Over the years, she and her collaborators have surveyed 4,711 employers. Of the 1,151 that responded to the 2020 survey, 887 were operating. About two-thirds of those still in business answered questions about their attitudes toward leave and whether workers used it during the pandemic.

Even so, shedding any light on what employers think about paid family leave is important, she says.

“As economists, we focus a lot on measurable impacts like productivity or turnover rates, and those are important to quantify,” Rossin-Slater says. “But at the end of the day, whether these policies get passed is ultimately a political question, and people’s attitudes shape the public discourse in this country. Understanding how attitudes change, especially during a pandemic, is insightful for thinking about where this policy is ultimately headed.”

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Maya Rossin-Slater

Associate Professor of Health Policy
Focuses on family health and policies targeting disadvantaged populations
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The Department of Health Policy's Inaugural Health Equity Panel

Panelists for the Department of Health Policy's inaugural Health Equity Panel discuss the health disparities exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as families and health and consequences from lack of gender equity, and the impact of Medicaid on access to care, insurance coverage, racial disparities and maternal and infant health. Panel video is embedded in this story.
The Department of Health Policy's Inaugural Health Equity Panel
Maya Rossin-Slater Stanford Health Policy
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Maya Rossin-Slater Wins Faculty Women’s Forum Award

The awards honor individuals for their outstanding work supporting women at Stanford through role modeling, allyship, leadership and sponsorship.
Maya Rossin-Slater Wins Faculty Women’s Forum Award
Stanford's Jessica Grembi collects water samples in Iraq.
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Rosenkranz Prize Winners Focus on Child and Maternal Health

This year’s Rosenkranz Prize winners are both working to better understand preeclampsia in pregnancies and a form of childhood malnutrition in lower-resourced countries in an effort to find medical interventions.
Rosenkranz Prize Winners Focus on Child and Maternal Health
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In a blow to arguments that a federal paid leave law would harm small businesses, a new study co-authored by SHP's Maya Rossin-Slater finds that support for paid leave among small employers is not only strong, but also increased as the pandemic added new strain to the work-life juggle.

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Maddy Morlino is pursuing a Master’s in International Policy at Stanford University, specializing in international security, immigration, and human rights. At Stanford, she is a Hoover Veteran Fellowship Program research assistant focusing on trafficking in person prevention and response training for the Department of Defense. She is also a research assistant for Lieutenant General H.R. McMaster, co-chair of her program’s Racial Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion Task Force, co-vice president for social impact at DreamxAmerica, and a Knight-Hennessy scholar. Maddy obtained her B.S. in political science with a minor in philosophy from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 2020. Outside of the classroom, she enjoys running, watching movie trailers, scrapbooking, and traveling. Maddy will serve as a U.S. Air Force intelligence officer after graduation.

Master's in International Policy Class of 2022
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In a talk hosted by the Program on Arab Reform and Democracy on November 10, 2021, Mona El-Ghobashy, Clinical Assistant Professor of Liberal Studies at New York University, discussed her latest book Bread and Freedom: Egypt’s Revolutionary Situation (Stanford University Press 2021). During the event, co-sponsored by Stanford’s Abbasi Program in Islamic Studies and the Ten Years On Project, El-Ghobashy shared an interpretation of Egypt’s 2011 uprising that uncovers some lost connections between democracy and revolution.

You can purchase the book online, and watch a recording of the event below:

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The Program on Arab Reform and Democracy (ARD) at CDDRL hosted a talk featuring Mona El-Ghobashy, Clinical Assistant Professor of Liberal Studies at New York University, who discussed her latest book – Bread and Freedom: Egypt’s Revolutionary Situation (Stanford University Press 2021).

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Journal Articles
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Research in developed countries has found that paternal involvement has positive and significant effects on early childhood development (ECD). Less is known, however, about the state of paternal involvement and its influence on ECD in rural China. Using data collected in Southern China that included 1,460 children aged 6–42 months and their fathers (as well as their primary caregivers), this study examines the association between paternal involvement and ECD. Although the results demonstrate that the average level of paternal involvement is low in rural China, paternal involvement is related to a significant increase in three domains of ECD (cognition, language, and social-emotional skills). Older children benefit significantly more than do younger children from paternal involvement in all domains of ECD. The results also show that, if the mother is the primary caregiver, the mother’s higher educational level and the family’s higher socioeconomic status are positively associated with paternal involvement.
Journal Publisher
Applied Developmental Science
Authors
Lei Wang
Hui Li
Sarah-Eve Dill
Siqi Zhang
Scott Rozelle
Scott Rozelle
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